50-State Criminal Justice Debt Reform Builder Bringing transparency to areas of significant legal complexity.
Ability to Pay
Keyword search across all of the laws in the states. Subject-area tabs above allow you to narrow results. Click the advanced search for further refinement.
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- Alabama (12)
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- Illinois (23)
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- Kentucky (17)
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- Mississippi (8)
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- Washington (15)
- Washington DC (5)
- (-) West Virginia (16)
- Wisconsin (7)
- Wyoming (17)
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Below are the ability to pay laws that meet your search criteria. Many include a See related provisions prompt which searches our database for laws that may pertain to your result.
43 Results
| State | Statute | Description/Statute Name | Statutory language | Level of offense | Definition of ability to pay | Timeline | Burden of proof | Method of determination | Mandatory | Remedies if unable to pay | |
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Texas | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 37.073 | Repayment of Rewards |
(a) After a defendant has been convicted of a felony offense, the judge may order a defendant to pay a fine repaying all or part of a reward paid by a crime stoppers organization.
(b) In determining whether the defendant must repay the reward or part of the reward, the court shall consider: (1) the ability of the defendant to make the payment and the financial hardship on the defendant to make the required payment; and (2) the importance of the information to the prosecution of the defendant as provided by the arresting officer or the attorney for the state with due regard for the confidentiality of the crime stoppers organization records. |
Felony |
Not provided for |
Before imposition of fine or fee | Not provided for | Other | Yes |
Nonpayment or partial payment/ |
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Texas | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.452 | Treatment, Specialized Supervision, or Rehabilitation |
On a finding that the defendant is financially able to make payment, the judge shall require the defendant to pay a reimbursement fee for all or part of the reasonable and necessary costs of the treatment, supervision, or rehabilitation.
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Felony |
Not provided for |
Before imposition of fine or fee | Not provided for | Not provided for | Yes |
None specified |
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Texas | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.408(f) | Use of Ignition Interlock Device |
If the court determines the defendant is unable to pay for the ignition interlock device, the court may impose a reasonable payment schedule not to exceed twice the length of the period of the court’s order.
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All |
Not provided for |
Before imposition of fine or fee | Not provided for | Not provided for | No |
Reasonable payment schedule |
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Texas | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.303(f) | Substance Abuse Felony Program |
In establishing the amount of a fee under Subsection (d)(2), the judge shall consider fines, fees, and other necessary expenses for which the defendant is obligated. The judge may not: (1) establish the fee in an amount that is greater than 25 percent of the defendant's gross income while the defendant is a participant in residential aftercare; or (2) require the defendant to pay the fee at any time other than a time at which the defendant is both employed and a participant in residential aftercare.
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All |
N/A |
Before imposition of fine or fee | Not provided for | Determined by judge without hearing | Yes |
N/A |
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Texas | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 102.020(j) | Costs Related to DNA Testing [Repealed Effective January 1, 2020] |
The court may waive the imposition of a court cost under this article if the court determines that the defendant is indigent and unable to pay the cost. |
All |
Indigent and unable to pay the cost |
Before imposition of fine or fee | Not provided for | Not provided for | No |
Not provided for |
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Texas | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 102.018(b) | Reimbursement Fees and Expenses Attendant to Intoxication Convictions |
Except as provided by Subsection (d), on conviction of an offense relating to the driving or operating of a motor vehicle punishable under Section 49.04(b), Penal Code, the court shall impose as a reimbursement fee on the defendant an amount that is equal to the reimbursement fee of an evaluation of the defendant performed under Article 42A.402(a). Reimbursement fees imposed under this subsection are in addition to other court costs and are due whether or not the defendant is granted community supervision in the case, except that if the court determines that the defendant is indigent and unable to pay the fee, the court may waive the imposition of the fee
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All |
Indigent |
Before imposition of fine or fee | Not provided for | Not provided for | No |
Fee waiver |
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Texas | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 43.03(c) | Payment of Fine |
A court may not order a defendant confined under Subsection (a) of this article unless the court at a hearing makes a written determination that:(1) the defendant is not indigent and has failed to make a good faith effort to discharge the fines and costs; or (2) the defendant is indigent and: (A) has failed to make a good faith effort to discharge the fines and costs under Article 43.09(f); and (B) could have discharged the fines and costs under Article 43.09 without experiencing any undue hardship.
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All |
For the purpose of establishing a right to representation by counsel, “indigent” means a person who is not financially able to employ counsel: Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 1.051. |
At enforcement of fine or fee | Not provided for | Determined by judge after hearing | Yes |
None specified |
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Texas | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.751(i) | Violation of Conditions of Community Supervision; Detention and Hearing |
(i) In a revocation hearing at which it is alleged only that the defendant violated the conditions of community supervision by failing to pay compensation paid to appointed counsel, community supervision fees, or court costs, the state must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant was able to pay and did not pay as ordered by the judge.
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All |
Not provided for |
At enforcement of fine or fee | Burden on government to show ability to pay | Determined by judge after hearing | Yes |
None specified |
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Texas | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 26.05(g) | Compensation of Counsel Appointed to Defend |
If the judge determines that a defendant has financial resources that enable the defendant to offset in part or in whole the costs of the legal services provided to the defendant in accordance with Article 1.051(c) or (d), including any expenses and costs, the judge shall order the defendant to pay during the pendency of the charges or, if convicted, as a reimbursement fee the amount that the judge finds the defendant is able to pay.
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All |
Not provided for |
Before imposition of fine or fee | Not provided for | Determined by judge without hearing | Yes |
Pay only attorney fee that defendant can afford to pay. |
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Texas | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 42.038(c)-(d) | Reimbursement for Confinement Expenses |
(c) A judge may not require reimbursement under this article if the judge determines the defendant is indigent based on the defendant’s sworn statement or affidavit filed with the court. A court that requires reimbursement under this article may require the defendant to reimburse the county only for those days the defendant is confined after the date of conviction or on which a plea of guilty or nolo contendere was entered. The court may not require a defendant to reimburse the county for those days the defendant was confined after arrest and before the date of conviction or on which the plea of guilty or nolo contendere was entered.
(d) The court, in determining whether to order reimbursement under this article, shall consider: (1) the defendant’s employment status, earning ability, and financial resources; and (2) any other special circumstances that may affect the defendant’s ability to pay, including child support obligations and including any financial responsibilities owed by the defendant to dependents or restitution payments owed by the defendant to a victim. |
Misdemeanor |
The defendant’s employment status, earning ability, and financial resources; and any other special circumstances that may affect the defendant’s ability to pay, including child support obligations and including any financial responsibilities owed by the defendant to dependents or restitution payments owed by the defendant to a victim.
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Before imposition of fine or fee | Burden on defendant to show inability to pay | Determined by judge without hearing | No |
May not require reimbursement. |
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Texas | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.652(b) | Monthly Reimbursement Fee |
The judge may make payment of the monthly reimbursement fee a condition of granting or continuing the community supervision. The judge may waive or reduce the reimbursement fee or suspend a monthly payment of the fee if the judge determines that payment of the reimbursement fee would cause the defendant a significant financial hardship.
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All |
"significant financial hardship" |
Before imposition of fine or fee | Not provided for | Determined by judge without hearing | No |
Waive or reduce the reimbursement fee or suspend a monthly payment of the fee |
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Texas | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42.037(h) | Restitution |
(h) If a defendant is placed on community supervision or is paroled or released on mandatory supervision, the court or the parole panel shall order the payment of restitution ordered under this article as a condition of community supervision, parole, or mandatory supervision. The court may revoke community supervision and the parole panel may revoke parole or mandatory supervision if the defendant fails to comply with the order. In determining whether to revoke community supervision, parole, or mandatory supervision, the court or parole panel shall consider:
(1) the defendant’s employment status; (2) the defendant’s current and future earning ability; (3) the defendant’s current and future financial resources; (4) the willfulness of the defendant’s failure to pay; (5) any other special circumstances that may affect the defendant’s ability to pay; and (6) the victim’s financial resources or ability to pay expenses incurred by the victim as a result of the offense. |
All |
Consideration of the defendant’s employment status; the defendant’s current and future earning ability; the defendant’s current and future financial resources; the willfulness of the defendant’s failure to pay; any other special circumstances that may affect the defendant’s ability to pay; and the victim’s financial resources or ability to pay expenses incurred by the victim as a result of the offense.
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At enforcement of fine or fee | Not provided for | Not provided for | No |
Will not revoke community supervision, parole, or mandatory supervision for failure to pay restitution as a condition. |
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Texas | Fines and Costs(a-1),(c) | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42.15 |
(a-1) [2 Versions: As added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., ch. 1127] Notwithstanding any other provision of this article, during or immediately after imposing a sentence in a case in which the defendant entered a plea in open court as provided by Article 27.13, 27.14(a), or 27.16(a), a court shall inquire whether the defendant has sufficient resources or income to immediately pay all or part of the fine and costs. If the court determines that the defendant does not have sufficient resources or income to immediately pay all or part of the fine and costs, the court shall determine whether the fine and costs should be:
(1) subject to Subsection (c), required to be paid at some later date or in a specified portion at designated intervals; (2) discharged by performing community service under, as applicable, Article 43.09(f), Article 45.049, Article 45.0492, as added by Chapter 227 (H.B. 350), Acts of the 82nd Legislature, Regular Session, 2011, or Article 45.0492, as added by Chapter 777 (H.B. 1964), Acts of the 82nd Legislature, Regular Session, 2011; (3) waived in full or in part under Article 43.091 or 45.0491; or (4) satisfied through any combination of methods under Subdivisions (1)—(3). (c) When imposing a fine and costs in a misdemeanor case, if the court determines that the defendant is unable to immediately pay the fine and costs, the court shall allow the defendant to pay the fine and costs in specified portions at designated intervals. |
All |
Sufficient resources or income to immediately pay all or part of the fine and costs |
Before imposition of fine or fee | Not provided for | Determined by judge without hearing | No |
Court may order payment (1) at some later date or in a specified portion at designated intervals, (2) discharged by performing community service, (3) waived in full or in part, or (4) satisfied through any combination of methods (case in which the defendant entered a plea); pay the fine and costs in specified portions at designated intervals (misdemeanor).
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Texas | Tex. Gov't. Code § 76.017(e) | Treatment Alternative to Incarceration Program |
(e) A department may contract for the provision of treatment services. The department may pay for services only if other adequate public or private sources of payment are not available. A person is responsible for the payment of any treatment program recommended under this section if it is determined that a person referred for treatment is able to pay for the costs of treatment or if the person has insurance that will pay for the treatment. If a person is able to pay for treatment or if the person has insurance that will pay for the treatment, the payment may be made a condition for receiving treatment.
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All |
Not provided for |
At enforcement of fine or fee | Not provided for | Administrative decision | No |
Not responsible for treatment program costs. |
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Texas | Tex. Gov't. Code § 79.034(a)(4) | Policies and Standards |
(a) The commission shall develop policies and standards for providing legal representation and other defense services to indigent defendants at trial, on appeal, and in postconviction proceedings. The policies and standards may include:
(4) standards for determining whether a person accused of a crime or juvenile offense is indigent; |
All |
Indigent |
Not provided for | Not provided for | Not provided for | No | Not provided for |
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Texas | Tex. Gov't. Code § 103.021(3-a) | Additional Fees and Costs in Criminal or Civil Cases: Code of Criminal Procedure |
An accused or defendant, or a party to a civil suit, as applicable, shall pay the following fees and costs under the Code of Criminal Procedure if ordered by the court or otherwise required:
(3-a) costs associated with operating a global positioning monitoring system as a condition of release on bond (Art. 17.49(b)(2), Code of Criminal Procedure) ... actual costs, subject to a determination of indigency; |
All |
Indigent |
Before imposition of fine or fee | Not provided for | Not provided for | No |
Not provided for |
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Texas | Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 42A.655 | Ability to Pay |
The court shall consider the defendant's ability to pay before ordering the defendant to make any payments under this chapter. |
All |
Not provided for |
Before imposition of fine or fee | Not provided for | Determined by judge without hearing | No | Not provided for |
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Virginia | Va. Code Ann. § 19.2-355 | Petition of defendant |
(a) In determining whether the defendant is unable to pay such fine forthwith, the court may require such defendant to file a petition, under oath, with the court, upon a + See moreform provided by the court, setting forth the financial condition of the defendant.
(b) Such form shall be a questionnaire, and shall include, but shall not be limited to: the name and residence of the defendant; his occupation, if any; his family status and the number of persons dependent upon him; his monthly income; whether or not his dependents are employed and, if so, their approximate monthly income; his banking accounts, if any; real estate owned by the defendant, or any interest he may have in real estate; income produced therefrom; any independent income accruing to the defendant; tangible and intangible personal property owned by the defendant, or in which he may have an interest; and a statement listing the approximate indebtedness of the defendant to other persons. Such form shall also include a payment plan of the defendant, if the court should exercise its discretion in permitting the payment of such fine and costs in installments or other conditions to be fixed by the court.
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All | Not provided for | Before imposition of fine or fee | Not provided for | Not provided for | No |
permitting the payment of such fine and costs in installments or other conditions to be fixed by the court |
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Virginia | Va. Code Ann. § 19.2-358(C) | Show cause hearing on default |
B. Following the order to show cause or following a capias issued for a defendant's failure to comply with a court order to appear issued pursuant to subsection A of + See more§ 19.2-354, unless the defendant shows that his default was not attributable to an intentional refusal to obey the sentence of the court, or not attributable to a failure on his part to make a good faith effort to obtain the necessary funds for payment, or unless the defendant shows that any failure to appear was not attributable to an intentional refusal to obey the order of the court, the court may order the defendant confined as for a contempt for a term not to exceed sixty days or impose a fine not to exceed $500. The court may provide in its order that payment or satisfaction of the amounts in default at any time will entitle the defendant to his release from such confinement or, after entering the order, may at any time reduce the sentence for good cause shown, including payment or satisfaction of such amounts.
C. If it appears that the default is excusable under the standards set forth in subsection B hereof, the court may enter an order allowing the defendant additional time for payment, reducing the amount due or of each installment, or remitting the unpaid portion in whole or in part.
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All | Not provided for | At enforcement of fine or fee | Burden on defendant to show inability to pay | Determined by judge after hearing | No |
additional time for payment, reducing the amount due or of each installment, or remitting the unpaid portion in whole or in part |
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Virginia | Va. Code Ann. § 19.2-363 | Authority of Governor to grant relief from fines and penalties in case of deceased defendant |
provided, that when the party against whom the fine or penalty has been imposed and judgment rendered therefor has departed this life leaving a spouse or children surviving, the Governor + See moremay remit such fine or penalty upon the certificate of the judge of the circuit court of the county or city wherein such fine or penalty was imposed and judgment rendered, that to enforce the same against the estate, real or personal, of the decedent, would impose hardship upon the spouse or children
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All |
would impose hardship upon the spouse or children |
At defendant's request at enforcement | Not provided for | Determined by judge after hearing | No |
remittance |
The Criminal Justice Debt Reform Builder is a project of the National Criminal Justice Debt Initiative of the Criminal Justice Policy Program at Harvard Law School in collaboration with the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University and with user experience design by metaLAB (at) Harvard.
For more information, please visit cjpp.law.harvard.edu.