Poverty Penalties and Poverty Traps

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State Statute Description/Statute Name Statutory language Type of poverty penalty or poverty trap Level of offense Mandatory
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Colorado Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-1.3-702(5) Monetary Payments - Failure to Pay

(5) If the court finds a defendant in contempt of court for willful failure to pay, the court may direct that the defendant be imprisoned until the monetary payment ordered

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by the court is made, but the court shall specify a maximum period of imprisonment subject to the following limits: (a) When the monetary amount was imposed for a felony, the period shall not exceed one year; (b)  When the monetary amount was imposed for a misdemeanor, the period shall not exceed one-third of the maximum term of imprisonment authorized for the misdemeanor; (c)  When the monetary amount was imposed for a petty offense, a traffic violation, or a violation of a municipal ordinance, any of which is punishable by a possible jail sentence, the period shall not exceed fifteen days; (d) There shall be no imprisonment in those cases when no imprisonment is provided for in the possible sentence; and (e) When a sentence of imprisonment and a monetary amount was imposed, the aggregate of the period and the term of the sentence shall not exceed the maximum term of imprisonment authorized for the offense.

Incarceration All No
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Colorado C.R.S. 18-1.3-506(1) Payment and Collection of Fines for Class 1, 2, or 3 Misdemeanors and Class 1 or 2 Petty Offenses - Release From Incarceration

Whenever the court imposes a fine for a nonviolent class 1, 2, or 3 misdemeanor or for a class 1 or 2 petty offense, if the person who committed the

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offense is unable to pay the fine at the time of the court hearing or if he or she fails to pay any fine imposed for the commission of such offense, in order to guarantee the payment of such fine, the court may: (a)  Require the person to post sufficient bond or collateral; or (b)  Enter a judgment in favor of the state or political subdivision to whom the fine is owed and enter an order based on such judgment for the garnishment of the person's earnings in accordance with the provisions of either article 54 or 54.5 of title 13, C.R.S., for the purpose of collecting said fine and the costs incurred in collecting said fine; or (c)  Enter a judgment in favor of the state or political subdivision to whom the fine is owed and execute a lien based on such judgment on any chattels, lands, tenements, moneys, and real estate of the person in accordance with article 52 of title 13, C.R.S., for the purpose of collecting said fine and the costs incurred in collecting said fine.

Increased fine Other, Misdemeanor No
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Colorado C.R.S. 16-18.5-104(1);(4);(5) Initial Collections Investigation - Payment Schedule

(1)   Orders for restitution shall be due and payable at the time that the order of conviction is entered. Unless the defendant is sentenced to the custody of the executive

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director of the department of corrections, if at the time that the court enters an order for restitution pursuant to section 18-1.3-603, C.R.S., the defendant alleges that he or she cannot pay the full amount of restitution, the court shall direct that the defendant report immediately to the collections investigator. ... (4)   (a) (I) Following the investigation described in subsection (3) of this section, the collections investigator shall establish a payment schedule and direct that the defendant: (A)  Pay the full amount ordered immediately; (B)  Pay the full amount ordered as a single payment on a specified date; or (C)  Pay the full amount ordered in specified partial amounts on specified dates.(II)  The collections investigator may ask the court to enter the payment schedule as an order of court.(b)  In addition to the payments required by paragraph (a) of this subsection (4), the collections investigator may direct that: (I)  If the defendant is unemployed, the defendant seek gainful employment and report to the investigator on such efforts by a specified date; (II)  The defendant shall not incur additional debt or financial obligation without the approval of the collections investigator, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld; or (III)  The defendant promptly report to the collections investigator any changes in income, assets, or other financial circumstances. (5)   Following the investigation required by subsection (3) of this section, the collections investigator may also:(a) (I)  Record a transcript of the order for restitution in the real estate records in the office of the clerk and recorder of any county in which the defendant holds an interest in real property. From the time of the recording of the transcript, there shall be a lien that is an encumbrance in favor of the state or the victim, or an assignee of the state or the victim, and shall encumber any interest of the defendant in real property in such county. (II)  (A) The lien created by this paragraph (a) shall remain in effect until all amounts of restitution, including interest, costs, time payment fees, and late fees are paid or for a period of twenty years after the recording of the transcript. So long as there is an amount still owing, the collections investigator or the victim or the assignee of the state or the victim may record a new transcript of the order of restitution. Any transcript of the order for restitution recorded pursuant to this subparagraph (II) prior to the expiration of the twenty-year period shall relate back to the date of the recording of the original transcript of the order for restitution and shall be valid for a period of twenty years after the recording of the subsequent transcript. More than one subsequent transcript shall be permitted. (B)  Within twenty-one days after the payment of all such amounts of restitution, the collections investigator or the victim, or the assignee of the state or the victim, shall record a certificate of satisfaction of judgment issued by the clerk of the court with each clerk and recorder where a transcript was recorded. The satisfaction of judgment shall be conclusive evidence that the lien was extinguished. (III)  The collections investigator and the victim shall be exempt from the payment of recording fees charged by the clerk and recorder for the recording of the transcripts and satisfactions of judgment. (b) (I)  File a transcript of the order for restitution with the secretary of state. From the time of the filing of the transcript, there shall be a lien that is an encumbrance in favor of the state or the victim, or an assignee of the state or the victim, and shall encumber any interest of the defendant in any personal property. (II)  The lien created by this paragraph (b), shall remain in effect without the necessity of renewal for twelve years or until all amounts of restitution, including interest, costs, time payment fees, and late fees are paid. Within twenty-one days after the payment of all such amounts of restitution, the collections investigator or the victim, or the assignee of the state or the victim, shall file a satisfaction of judgment with the secretary of state. The satisfaction of judgment shall be conclusive evidence that the lien was extinguished. (III)  The collections investigator and the victim shall be exempt from the payment of filing fees charged by the secretary of state. (c) (I)  File a transcript of the order for restitution with the authorized agent as defined in section 42-6-102 (1.5). From the time of the filing of the transcript, there shall be a lien that is an encumbrance in favor of the state or the victim, or an assignee of the state or the victim, and shall encumber any interest of the defendant in a motor vehicle. In order for such lien to be effective as a valid lien against a motor vehicle, the state or the victim, or the assignee of the state or the victim, shall have such lien filed for public record and noted on the owner's certificate of title in the manner provided in sections 42-6-121 and 42-6-129. (II)  The lien created by this paragraph (c), shall remain in effect for the same period of time as any other lien on motor vehicles as specified in section 42-6-127, C.R.S., or until all amounts of restitution, including interest, costs, time payment fees, and late fees are paid, whichever occurs first. A lien created pursuant to this paragraph (c) may be renewed pursuant to section 42-6-127, C.R.S. Within twenty-one days after the payment of all such amounts of restitution, the collections investigator or the victim or the assignee of the state or the victim shall release the lien pursuant to the procedures specified in section 42-6-125, C.R.S. When a lien created by this paragraph (c) is released, the authorized agent and the executive director of the department of revenue shall proceed as provided in section 42-6-126, C.R.S. (III)  The collections investigator and the victim shall not be exempt from the payment of filing fees charged by the authorized agent for the filing of either the transcript of order or the release of lien. However, the state or the victim, or the assignee of the state or the victim, may add the amount of the filing fees to the lien amount and collect the amount from the defendant.

 

Payment plan/installment plan All No
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Colorado C.R.S. 16-18.5-105(2);(3) Monitoring - Default - Penalties

(2)   In addition to any other costs that may accrue, for each payment of restitution that a defendant fails to make within seven days after the date that the payment

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is due pursuant to any payment schedule established pursuant to this article, the late penalty fee established in section 16-11-101.6 shall be assessed, and the associated provisions of section 16-11-101.6 may apply. The late fees shall be collected from the defendant after the defendant has satisfied all orders for restitution. All payments for late fees shall be credited to the judicial collection enhancement fund created in section 16-11-101.6 (2). (3)   Whenever a defendant fails to make a payment of restitution within seven days after the date that the payment is due pursuant to a payment schedule established pursuant to this article, in addition to any other remedy, the collections investigator may: (a)  Conduct an additional financial investigation of the defendant as described in section 16-18.5-104 (3); (b)  Issue an attachment of earnings requiring that a certain portion of a defendant's earnings, not to exceed fifty percent, be withheld and applied to any unpaid restitution, if such an attachment does not adversely impact the defendant's ability to comply with other orders of the court. An attachment of earnings under this paragraph (b) may be modified to a lesser or greater amount based upon changes in a defendant's circumstances as long as the amount withheld does not exceed fifty percent and may be suspended or cancelled at the court's discretion. An attachment of earnings issued pursuant to this paragraph (b) shall be enforceable in the same manner as a garnishment in a civil action. For purposes of this section, "earnings" shall have the same meaning as set forth for any type of garnishment in section 13-54.5-101, C.R.S., and shall include profits. (c)  Request that the clerk of the court issue a writ of execution, writ of attachment, or other civil process to collect upon a judgment pursuant to article 52 of title 13, C.R.S.; (d)  Request that the court issue a notice to show cause requiring the defendant to appear before the court and show cause why the required payment or payments were not made. Upon a finding of the defendant's failure to pay, unless the defendant establishes that he or she was unable to make the payments, the court may: (I)  Revoke probation and impose any other sentence permitted by law; (II)  Order that the defendant be confined to jail with a recommendation that the defendant participate in a work release program; (III)  Extend the period of probation; or (IV)  Find the defendant in contempt of court and impose any authorized penalties for such action. (e) (I)  Employ any method available to collect state receivables, including the assignment of the defendant's accounts to a third party that has an agreement with the judicial department under this paragraph (e). (II)  The judicial department may enter into agreements with third parties for collection-related services. Any fees or costs of the third parties shall be added to the amount of restitution owed by the defendant, but such fees and costs shall not exceed twenty-five percent of the amount collected.

Increased fine All Yes
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Colorado C.R.S. 16-18.5-106.7(1) Unclaimed Property Offset

The judicial department may enter into a memorandum of understanding with the state treasurer, acting as the administrator of unclaimed property under the "Unclaimed Property Act", article 13 of title

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38, C.R.S., for the purpose of offsetting against a claim for unclaimed property the unpaid amount of restitution the person making the claim has been ordered to pay pursuant to section 18-1.3-603 or 19-2-918, C.R.S.When an offset is to be made, the judicial department or the court in which the person's restitution obligation is pending shall notify the person in writing that the state intends to offset the amount of the person's unpaid restitution obligation against his or her claim for unclaimed property.

Property liens All No
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Colorado C.R.S. 16-18.5-106.8(1) State Income Tax Refund Offsets - Restitution - Definitions

In any case in which a defendant has an unsatisfied restitution obligation ordered pursuant to section 18-1.3-603 or 19-2-918, C.R.S., the judicial department is authorized to transmit data concerning the obligation to the

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department of revenue for the purpose of conducting a data match and offsetting the restitution obligation against a state income tax refund pursuant to section 39-21-108 (3), C.R.S. For any restitution obligation identified by the judicial department for offset, the state court administrator shall: (a)  On at least an annual basis, certify to the department of revenue the social security number of the defendant who is obligated to pay the restitution obligation and the amount of the outstanding restitution obligation. The department of revenue may request additional identifying information from the judicial department that is necessary to obtain an accurate data match. (b)  Upon notification by the department of revenue of a data match, notify the appropriate court that a match has occurred and that an offset is pending and provide to the court the identifying information received from the department concerning the defendant whose state income tax refund is subject to the offset;(c)  Provide or require the appropriate court to provide written notice to the defendant that the state intends to offset the defendant's restitution obligation against his or her state income tax refund and that the defendant has the right to object to the offset and request an administrative review; and (d)  Upon receipt of funds for offset from the department of revenue, transmit the funds to the appropriate court.

Wage/bank account garnishment All No
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Georgia Ga. Code Ann. § 42-8-34(e)(3)(A)(iii);(e)(3)(B) Sentencing Hearings and Determinations; Presentence Investigations; Payment of Fees, Fines, and Costs; Post-Conviction, Presentence Bond; Continuing Jurisdiction; Transferal of Probation Supervision

(iii)  "Significant financial hardship" means a reasonable probability that an individual will be unable to satisfy his or her financial obligations for two or more consecutive months;  (B)  The court shall waive,

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modify, or convert fines, statutory surcharges, probation supervision fees, and any other moneys assessed by the court or a provider of probation services upon a determination by the court prior to or subsequent to sentencing that a defendant has a significant financial hardship or inability to pay or that there are any other extenuating factors which prohibit payment or collection; provided, however, that the imposition of sanctions for failure to pay such sums shall be within the discretion of the court through judicial process or hearings.

All No
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Georgia Ga. Code Ann. § 42-8-34.2(a) Delinquency of Defendant in Payment of Fines, Costs, or Restitution or Reparation; Costs of Garnishment

In the event that a defendant is delinquent in the payment of fines, costs, or restitution or reparation, as was ordered by the court as a condition of probation, the

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defendant's officer shall be authorized, but shall not be required, to execute a sworn affidavit wherein the amount of arrearage is set out. In addition, the affidavit shall contain a succinct statement as to what efforts DCS has made in trying to collect the delinquent amount. The affidavit shall then be submitted to the sentencing court for approval. Upon signature and approval of the court, such arrearage shall then be collectable through issuance of a writ of fieri facias by the clerk of the sentencing court; and DCS may enforce such collection through any judicial or other process or procedure which may be used by the holder of a writ of execution arising from a civil action.

Civil judgment All No
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Georgia Ga. Code Ann. § 15-9-62(a) Issuance of Writ of Fieri Facias for Fees; Defenses

Whenever any costs are due the judge of the probate court by executors, administrators, or guardians, upon failure to pay the same on demand made, he is empowered to issue

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a writ of fieri facias at any regular term of court against the executors, administrators, or guardians for the amount due for costs at the time of the demand.

Civil judgment All No
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Georgia Ga. Code Ann. § 17-6-1.1(1);(2) Electronic Pretrial Release and Monitoring Program for Defendants; Requirements; Procedures; Fees

(1)  As an additional condition of electronic pretrial release and monitoring, a defendant authorized to participate in such program by the court shall pay a reasonable, nonrefundable fee for program enrollment,

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equipment use, and monitoring to the provider of such program. If a bonding company, bonding agent, or probation service provider is the provider, the fees earned in the capacity of being such a provider shall be in addition to the fees allowed in Code Sections 17-6-30, 42-8-34, and 42-8-102; (2)  The fees connected with the electronic pretrial release and monitoring program shall be timely paid by a defendant as a condition of his or her ongoing participation in the electronic pretrial release and monitoring program in accordance with the terms for such programs as approved by the court. Failure to make timely payments shall constitute a violation of the terms of the electronic pretrial release and monitoring program and shall result in the defendant's immediate return to custody.

Incarceration All No
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Missouri Mo. Ann. Stat. § 488.503 Contracting for collection of delinquent court-ordered payments authorized--fees added to amount due

To collect on past-due court-ordered penalties, fines, restitution, sanctions, court costs, including restitution and juvenile monetary assessments, or judgments to the State of Missouri or one of its political subdivisions,

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any division of the circuit court may contract with public agencies or with private entities operating under a contract with a state agency or the office of state courts administrator. Any fees or costs associated with such collection efforts shall be added to the amount due, but such fees and costs shall not exceed twenty percent of the amount collected.

Collection fee/interest All No
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Missouri Mo. Ann. Stat. § 545.02 Recovery of fine or forfeiture, how

Whenever a fine, penalty or forfeiture is or may be inflicted by any statute of this state for any offense, the same may be recovered by indictment or information, notwithstanding

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another or different remedy for the recovery of the same may be specified in the law imposing the fine, penalty or forfeiture; provided, that in all cases the fine, penalty or forfeiture shall go to the state, county, corporation, person or persons to whom the law imposing the same declares it shall accrue.

Incarceration, Increased fine All No
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Missouri Mo. Ann. Stat. § 546.902 Ordinances, rules and regulations, enactment by municipalities in certain first class counties--penalty for violation, not to conflict with statute--place of imprisonment

Any municipality located within any county of the first classification with a population in excess of nine hundred thousand, for any purpose or purposes mentioned in this chapter, may enact

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and make all necessary ordinances, rules and regulations; and they may enact and make all such ordinances and rules, not inconsistent with the laws of the state, as may be expedient for maintaining the peace and good government and welfare of the city and its trade and commerce; and all ordinances may be enforced by prescribing and inflicting upon its inhabitants, or other persons violating the same, such fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and such imprisonment not exceeding three months, or both such fine and imprisonment, as may be just for any offense, recoverable with costs of suit, together with judgment of imprisonment, until the fine and costs are paid or satisfied; and any person committed for the nonpayment of fine and costs, or either, may be compelled to work out the same as herein provided; but, in any case wherein the penalty for an offense is fixed by any statute, the council shall affix the same penalty by ordinance for the punishment of such offense, except that imprisonments, when made under city ordinances, may be in the city prison or workhouse instead of the county jail.

Civil judgment All No
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Missouri Mo. Ann. Stat. § 546.86 All property bound for fine and costs

The property, real and personal, of any person charged with a criminal offense, shall be bound from the time of his final conviction of such offense, for the payment of

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all fines and costs which he may be adjudged to pay.

Property liens All No
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Missouri Mo. Ann. Stat. § 559.100(3) Circuit courts, power to place on probation or parole--revocation--conditions--restitution

In addition to all other costs and fees allowed by law, each prosecuting attorney or circuit attorney who takes any action to collect restitution shall collect from the person paying

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restitution an administrative handling cost. The cost shall be twenty-five dollars for restitution of less than one hundred dollars and fifty dollars for restitution of at least one hundred dollars but less than two hundred fifty dollars. For restitution of two hundred fifty dollars or more an additional fee of ten percent of the total restitution shall be assessed, with a maximum fee for administrative handling costs not to exceed seventy-five dollars total.

Collection fee/interest All No
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Missouri Mo. Ann. Stat. § 559.105 Restitution may be ordered for tampering and stealing offenses--limitation on release from probation--payment

1. Any person who has been found guilty of or has pled guilty to an offense may be ordered by the court to make restitution to the victim for the

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victim's losses due to such offense. Restitution pursuant to this section shall include, but not be limited to a victim's reasonable expenses to participate in the prosecution of the crime.
2. No person ordered by the court to pay restitution pursuant to this section shall be released from probation until such restitution is complete. If full restitution is not made within the original term of probation, the court shall order the maximum term of probation allowed for such offense.
3. Any person eligible to be released on parole shall be required, as a condition of parole, to make restitution pursuant to this section. The board of probation and parole shall not release any person from any term of parole for such offense until the person has completed such restitution, or until the maximum term of parole for such offense has been served.
4. The court may set an amount of restitution to be paid by the defendant. Said amount may be taken from the inmate's account at the department of corrections while the defendant is incarcerated. Upon conditional release or parole, if any amount of such court-ordered restitution is unpaid, the payment of the unpaid balance may be collected as a condition of conditional release or parole by the prosecuting attorney or circuit attorney under section 559.100. The prosecuting attorney or circuit attorney may refer any failure to make such restitution as a condition of conditional release or parole to the parole board for enforcement.
 

Condition or extension of supervision All No
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Missouri Mo. Rev. Stat. § 600.089 Parolees to pay for representation, when

If the public defender commission has obtained a judgment against an offender in the custody of the department of corrections, and the offender is later paroled and becomes financially able

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to pay all or some part of such judgment, he shall be required, as a condition of his continued parole, to pay over to the public defender commission such amounts as he can reasonably pay, either by a single payment or by installments of reasonable amounts, in accordance with the schedule of charges for public defender services prepared pursuant to section 600.090.

Condition or extension of supervision All No
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Montana Mont. Code Ann. § 46-18-244(3)(a) Type and time of payment--defenses--ensuring payment
In addition to other methods of payment, the court may order one or more of the following in order to satisfy the offender's restitution obligation: (a) forfeiture and sale of
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the offender's assets under the provisions of Title 25, chapter 13, part 7, unless the court finds, after notice and an opportunity for the offender to be heard, that the assets are reasonably necessary for the offender to sustain a living or support the offender's dependents or unless the state determines that the cost of forfeiture and sale would outweigh the amount available to the victim after sale. If the proceeds of sale exceed the amount of restitution ordered and the costs of forfeiture and sale, any remaining amount must be returned to the offender
Property liens All No
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Montana Mont. Code Ann. § 46-18-244(6) Type and time of payment--defenses--ensuring payment
For a felony offense: (a) during any period that the offender is incarcerated, the department of corrections shall take a percentage, as set by department rule, of any money in
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any account of the defendant administered by the department and use the money to satisfy any existing restitution obligation; (b) at the beginning of any period during which the offender is not incarcerated, the offender shall sign a statement allowing any employer of the offender to garnish up to 25% of the offender's compensation and give the garnished amounts to the department of corrections to be used by the department to satisfy any existing restitution obligation; and (c) during any period that the defendant is on probation or parole, the probation and parole officer shall set a monthly restitution payment amount by dividing the total amount of unpaid restitution by the number of remaining months of probation or parole. The probation and parole officer may adjust the monthly payment up or down by a maximum of 10%, depending on the offender's circumstances.
Wage/bank account garnishment All Yes
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Montana Mont. Code Ann. § 46-18-244(7) Type and time of payment--defenses--ensuring payment
The department of corrections shall give the department of revenue a copy of the order to pay restitution. If full restitution has not been paid, the department of revenue shall,
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pursuant to an agreement made under 46-18-241, intercept any state tax refunds and any federal tax refunds, as provided by law, due the offender and transfer the money to the department of corrections for a felony offense and to the sentencing court for a misdemeanor offense for disbursement to the victim.
Wage/bank account garnishment All Yes